Structural isomerism and geometrical isomerism are two different types of isomerism in organic chemistry. Structural isomerism occurs when molecules have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms. This can be due to differences in the bonding patterns of the atoms within the molecule. For example, pentane and 2-methylbutane have the same molecular formula…
Aromaticity is a chemical property that describes the special stability of certain cyclic molecules, known as aromatic compounds, that contain a specific arrangement of alternating double bonds (pi bonds) and single bonds (sigma bonds). This arrangement of bonds results in a delocalized pi-electron system that is particularly stable and resistant to reactions that would normally…
Simple organic molecules can have a variety of shapes depending on the arrangement of their atoms and the type of bonds between them. Here are some common shapes of simple organic molecules: These are just a few examples of the many shapes that simple organic molecules can take. The shape of a molecule plays an…
σ and π-bonds are two types of covalent bonds that form between atoms when they share electrons. A σ-bond is formed when two atoms directly overlap their atomic orbitals along the line connecting their nuclei. This type of bond is characterized by the electron density being concentrated in the region directly between the two nuclei.…
Carbon can undergo hybridization to form hybrid orbitals that can participate in chemical bonding. Hybridization of carbon involves the mixing of its valence orbitals, which are the 2s and three 2p orbitals, to form new hybrid orbitals. The most common hybridizations of carbon are sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridizations. The type of hybridization that carbon…
