Molality and Normality are both measures of concentration used in chemistry. Molality (symbol: m) is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is expressed in units of moles per kilogram (mol/kg). Molality is a useful measure of concentration when temperature changes occur because it is not dependent on temperature,…
Molarity is a unit of concentration used in chemistry, which measures the number of moles of a solute per liter of a solution. The symbol for molarity is M, and it is expressed in units of mol/L or M. For example, a 1 M solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) contains 1 mole of HCl per…
Concentration can be expressed in terms of mole fraction, which is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of a particular substance to the total number of moles in the mixture. The mole fraction of a substance A in a mixture of n substances can be calculated using the following formula: Mole fraction…
A displacement reaction, also known as a replacement reaction, is a chemical reaction in which an atom or ion from one compound is replaced by an atom or ion of another compound. These reactions typically occur between a metal and a solution of a metal salt, or between a nonmetal and a solution of a…
Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base, resulting in the formation of a salt and water. During this reaction, the hydrogen ions (H+) from the acid react with the hydroxide ions (OH-) from the base to form water, and the remaining ions combine to form a salt. The general chemical equation…
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. The mole concept and stoichiometry can be used to calculate the quantities of reactants and products involved in redox reactions. Here are some common calculations based on mole concept and stoichiometry involving redox reactions: 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O…
A balanced chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols. It shows the reactants on the left side of the equation and the products on the right side of the equation. The key feature of a balanced chemical equation is that the number of atoms of each element is…
Chemical formulae are representations of the composition of a substance using symbols for the elements and numerical subscripts to indicate the ratio of atoms or ions present in the substance. Chemical formulae are used to describe the chemical compounds and molecules that make up all matter. The symbols used in chemical formulae are derived from…
The mole concept is a fundamental concept in chemistry that allows chemists to measure and relate quantities of substances. The concept is based on the idea that atoms, molecules, and other particles are very small and difficult to count on an individual basis, so they are instead measured in terms of the amount of substance…
Dalton’s atomic theory, proposed by John Dalton in the early 19th century, was a fundamental theory of chemistry that laid the groundwork for the modern understanding of atoms and their properties. The theory included the following key postulates: Dalton’s theory was an important contribution to the development of modern chemistry, as it provided a framework…
