Boron trifluoride (BF3) is a compound composed of one boron atom and three fluorine atoms. It belongs to the Group 13 elements in the periodic table, also known as the boron group. BF3 is a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure, with a pungent odor. It is highly reactive and has a trigonal planar…
Equivalent conductivity and molar conductivity are both measures of the ability of an electrolyte solution to conduct electricity. Equivalent conductivity is the conductivity of a solution containing one equivalent of the electrolyte, which is the amount of the electrolyte that carries one mole of positive or negative charge. It is usually denoted by the symbol…
The electrochemical series is a list of metals and non-metals arranged in order of their standard electrode potentials (reduction potentials) or their tendency to undergo reduction. It is also known as the activity series. The electrochemical series is a useful tool in predicting the outcome of redox reactions, especially in electrolytic cells and in electrochemical…
Vapor pressure is the pressure that a vapor exerts when it is in equilibrium with its condensed phase (liquid or solid) at a given temperature. In other words, it is the pressure exerted by the molecules of a liquid or solid when they evaporate and form a vapor above the surface of the liquid or…
Molality and Normality are both measures of concentration used in chemistry. Molality (symbol: m) is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is expressed in units of moles per kilogram (mol/kg). Molality is a useful measure of concentration when temperature changes occur because it is not dependent on temperature,…
A linear first-order differential equation has the form: y’ + p(x)y = q(x) where y’ denotes the derivative of y with respect to x, p(x) and q(x) are functions of x. To solve this equation, we use an integrating factor, which is a function u(x) that we multiply both sides of the equation by. We…
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. Differentiation is a process by which we find the rate of change of a function with respect to one of its variables. The inverse process of differentiation is integration, which is used to find the function that gives rise to a given rate of change. If we have…
Exponential and logarithmic functions are two important types of mathematical functions commonly used in many fields, including mathematics, physics, economics, and engineering. Exponential functions have the form f(x) = a^x, where a is a positive constant called the base of the function. These functions have the property that the value of the function increases or…
The continuity of composite functions is governed by the following theorem: Let f be a function defined on an interval I containing a point a, and let g be a function defined on an interval J containing f(a). If f is continuous at a and g is continuous at f(a), then the composite function g…
Continuity is a fundamental concept in calculus that describes how a function behaves at every point in its domain. A function is said to be continuous if it has no abrupt jumps, breaks, or holes in its graph. More formally, a function f(x) is continuous at a point x=a if three conditions are met: If…
