An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids, where one liquid is dispersed throughout the other in small droplets. The dispersed liquid is known as the dispersed phase, while the continuous liquid is known as the continuous phase. The most common example of an emulsion is oil and water, where the oil…
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is an empirical equation used to describe the relationship between the amount of a gas or solute that is adsorbed onto a solid surface at a given temperature and pressure, and the concentration of the gas or solute in the surrounding liquid or gas phase. The equation is expressed as: q…
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane, due to the presence of solute molecules. In other words, it is the pressure needed to stop the flow of solvent from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration, when the two…
Depression of freezing point, also known as freezing point depression, is a phenomenon in which the freezing point of a solvent is lowered when a solute is added to it. This is due to the fact that the solute particles interfere with the formation of crystal lattice structure, which is required for a liquid to…
The elevation of boiling point refers to the increase in the boiling point of a liquid when a non-volatile solute, such as a salt or sugar, is added to it. This occurs because the presence of the solute lowers the vapor pressure of the liquid, meaning that a higher temperature is required to reach the…
Lowering of vapor pressure refers to the phenomenon in which the vapor pressure of a solvent is reduced when a non-volatile solute is added to it. This occurs due to the formation of intermolecular bonds between the solute and solvent molecules, which reduces the number of solvent molecules available to evaporate and therefore lowers the…
Colligative properties are physical properties of a solution that depend only on the number of particles of solute dissolved in the solvent, and not on the nature of the solute particles themselves. The four colligative properties are: What is Required Colligative properties Required colligative properties refer to the use of colligative properties to determine the…
“Ideal solutions” typically refer to a concept in chemistry and thermodynamics where two or more substances mix together perfectly and form a homogeneous mixture where the intermolecular interactions between the components are the same as the intramolecular interactions within each component. In other words, the enthalpy of mixing is zero, and there are no attractive…
Henry’s law states that at a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with the liquid. In other words, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas above the liquid.…
In materials science, point defects refer to localized irregularities in the arrangement of atoms or ions within a crystal lattice structure. These defects can occur naturally during the growth of a crystal, or they can be intentionally introduced through various processes such as irradiation, doping, or mechanical deformation. There are several types of point defects,…
