Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. This means that isotopes of a particular element have the same atomic number but different atomic masses. For example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are all isotopes of carbon, with 6 protons but 6,…
Hydrogen is a chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the first element in the periodic table and belongs to the non-metal group. Hydrogen is unique because it has only one electron and can lose or gain an electron to form either a positive ion (H+) or a negative ion…
Chemical reactivity refers to the ability of a chemical substance to undergo a chemical reaction and to undergo a change in its chemical composition. It is determined by the arrangement of electrons in the atoms or molecules of a substance and their interactions with other atoms or molecules. Chemical reactivity is influenced by factors such…
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons towards itself. It is a relative property, which means that it is determined by comparing the electronegativities of different elements. The electronegativity of an element is determined by factors such as the nuclear charge, the number of electrons in…
Oxidation state is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. It is represented by a positive or negative number, called the oxidation number, which reflects the number of electrons an atom has gained, lost or shared in forming a chemical bond with another atom. The oxidation state of…
Valence is a term used in psychology to describe the emotional content or “positive” or “negative” quality of an individual’s experience, affect or mood. In simpler terms, valence refers to how pleasant or unpleasant an experience or emotion is. Valence is typically measured on a continuum, with positive experiences or emotions (such as joy, happiness,…
Electron gain enthalpy, also known as electron affinity, is a measure of the energy change that occurs when an atom or molecule gains an electron. It is defined as the enthalpy change that occurs when a neutral gaseous atom gains an extra electron to form a negatively charged ion. The electron gain enthalpy is generally…
Ionization enthalpy, also known as ionization energy, is the amount of energy required to remove one electron from an isolated gaseous atom or ion in its ground state. It is a measure of the tendency of an atom or ion to lose an electron. The first ionization enthalpy is the energy required to remove the…
Ionic radius refers to the size of an ion, which is an atom or a group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge, respectively. The ionic radius is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two ions that are just touching…
Atomic radius is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms that are bonded together. The size of an atom can be influenced by several factors, including the number of protons in the nucleus, the number of electrons in the atom’s outermost energy level, and the amount of electron shielding provided…
