Reduction

Reduction of aldehydes and ketones is a common reaction in organic chemistry. The most commonly used reducing agents for this purpose are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4). Reduction of aldehydes: Aldehydes can be reduced to primary alcohols using either NaBH4 or LiAlH4 in the presence of an acid catalyst such as HCl.…

Preparation by Williamson’s synthesis

Williamson’s synthesis is a method used to prepare ethers. The general reaction involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide or a primary alcohol with an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide. The reaction mechanism involves the formation of an alkoxide ion…