The modern periodic law states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. This means that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties. The present form of the periodic table is based on the modern periodic law…
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids, where one liquid is dispersed throughout the other in small droplets. The dispersed liquid is known as the dispersed phase, while the continuous liquid is known as the continuous phase. The most common example of an emulsion is oil and water, where the oil…
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is an empirical equation used to describe the relationship between the amount of a gas or solute that is adsorbed onto a solid surface at a given temperature and pressure, and the concentration of the gas or solute in the surrounding liquid or gas phase. The equation is expressed as: q…
Adsorption is a process by which molecules or atoms from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid adhere to the surface of a solid material. The two main types of adsorption are physisorption and chemisorption. Physisorption, also known as physical adsorption or van der Waals adsorption, is a type of adsorption that occurs due to weak…
The Van’t Hoff factor, also known as the Van’t Hoff factor or i-factor, is a measure of the number of particles that a solute dissociates into when it is dissolved in a solvent. The factor is named after Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff. The Van’t Hoff factor is defined as the ratio of…
Ionic radii refers to the size of an ion, which is typically smaller than the size of the corresponding neutral atom due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons. The ionic radius of an ion can be determined by measuring the distance between the nuclei of two ions that are bonded together.…
Nearest neighbors is a machine learning algorithm that is commonly used for classification and regression tasks. It works by finding the training examples in the training set that are closest to a given input example and using those examples to make a prediction. In the context of clustering, nearest neighbors refers to a method of…
The three most common crystal structures are face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) lattices. The packing in each of these structures is as follows: In terms of packing efficiency, FCC and HCP lattices are more efficient than the BCC lattice. This is because in the FCC and HCP lattices, the atoms…
The seven crystal systems and their corresponding cell parameters are: In each crystal system, the cell parameters describe the dimensions and angles of the unit cell, which is the basic repeating unit of a crystal lattice. The dimensions are given by the three lengths a, b, and c, and the angles between them, α, β,…
Solid catalysts are materials that accelerate chemical reactions by providing a surface for reactant molecules to adsorb onto and react. The activity of a solid catalyst is a measure of how effectively it can promote a particular chemical reaction, while selectivity refers to its ability to selectively form a desired product and minimize the formation…
