The rate of a chemical reaction is the change in the concentration of reactants or products per unit time. The rate law for a chemical reaction describes how the rate of the reaction depends on the concentrations of the reactants. There are different rate laws for different types of reactions, but two common types are…
Chemical reactions can occur at different rates, depending on several factors such as temperature, concentration of reactants, the presence of a catalyst, surface area of reactants, and the nature of the reactants. The rate of a chemical reaction is defined as the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time. The rate of…
Batteries are devices that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. There are two main types of batteries: primary and secondary. Primary batteries are non-rechargeable batteries that are designed to be used once and then discarded. They are commonly used in low-drain devices such as flashlights, remote controls, and smoke detectors. Primary batteries have a…
Kohlrausch’s law, also known as Kohlrausch’s displacement law, states that the molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be expressed as the sum of the contributions of its individual ions. In other words, the total conductivity of an electrolyte solution is equal to the sum of the conductivities of the cations and anions present in the…
Equivalent conductivity and molar conductivity are both measures of the ability of an electrolyte solution to conduct electricity. Equivalent conductivity is the conductivity of a solution containing one equivalent of the electrolyte, which is the amount of the electrolyte that carries one mole of positive or negative charge. It is usually denoted by the symbol…
The common ion effect is a phenomenon in which the solubility of a slightly soluble salt is decreased by the presence of a common ion in the solution. This effect is due to the principle of Le Chatelier’s principle, which states that a system at equilibrium will shift to counteract any stress placed upon it.…
Equilibrium constant (Kp and Kc) and Reaction quotient are terms commonly used in the field of chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium constant (Kp or Kc) is a numerical value that relates the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the reactants and products of a reversible chemical reaction at equilibrium. The equilibrium constant expression is written as: Kp =…
The law of mass action is a fundamental principle in chemistry and chemical kinetics that describes the relationship between the concentrations of reactants and products in a chemical reaction at equilibrium. It states that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants, each raised to a…
The criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity are closely related to the concept of Gibbs free energy, which is a thermodynamic function that measures the energy available in a system to do useful work. The Gibbs free energy is defined as follows: ΔG = ΔH – TΔS where ΔG is the change in Gibbs free energy,…
Entropy is a concept from thermodynamics that refers to the degree of disorder or randomness in a system. In statistical mechanics, it is often defined as the number of microstates (arrangements of particles or energy levels) that correspond to a given macrostate (observable properties like temperature, pressure, or volume). The greater the number of microstates,…
