Separation of variables method

Separation of variables is a method used to solve certain types of differential equations. The method involves assuming that the solution to the differential equation can be expressed as a product of two functions, each of which depends on only one of the variables in the equation. For example, consider the partial differential equation: ∂u/∂t…

Formation of ordinary differential equations

Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) describe the relationships between a function and its derivatives with respect to a single independent variable. There are several ways to form ODEs, but some of the most common are: In general, the formation of ODEs requires an understanding of the underlying physical or mathematical principles that govern the system being…

Application of definite integrals to the determination of areas bounded by simple curves

Definite integrals can be used to determine the area bounded by a simple curve and the x-axis, or by a simple curve and the y-axis. The area can be found by dividing it into small rectangles, finding the area of each rectangle, and then adding up the areas of all the rectangles. This process is…

Fundamental theorem of integral calculus

The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiation with that of integration, and it has two parts. Part 1: Let f be a continuous function on the interval [a,b], and let F be a function defined by F(x) = ∫a^x f(t) dt where a ≤ x ≤ b. Then…

Definite integral and their properties

A definite integral is a mathematical concept that represents the area under a curve between two specified points on the x-axis. It is denoted by the symbol ∫, and is defined as: ∫[a,b] f(x) dx = F(b) – F(a) where f(x) is a function, F(x) is its antiderivative or indefinite integral, and a and b…

Indefinite integrals of standard functions

Sure, here are some common indefinite integrals of standard functions: Note that there are many more integrals of standard functions, but these are some of the most common ones. Also, the notation $\int f(x) dx$ represents the indefinite integral of the function $f(x)$ with respect to $x$, and $C$ is the constant of integration. What…

Integration as the inverse process of differentiation

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. Differentiation is a process by which we find the rate of change of a function with respect to one of its variables. The inverse process of differentiation is integration, which is used to find the function that gives rise to a given rate of change. If we have…

Geometric interpretation of derivatives

The derivative of a function can be interpreted geometrically in several ways. One common interpretation is that the derivative represents the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at a given point. More specifically, if we consider a function f(x) and a point (a, f(a)) on its graph, the slope of…

Derivatives up to order two of implicit functions

When dealing with implicit functions, we often have equations of the form: F(x, y) = 0 where y is an implicit function of x. That is, we can’t solve for y explicitly in terms of x. However, we can still differentiate the equation with respect to x to find the derivative of y with respect…

Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s mean value theorem

Rolle’s Theorem and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem are two important results in calculus that relate to the behavior of functions on a given interval. Rolle’s Theorem states that if a function f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], differentiable on the open interval (a, b), and f(a) = f(b), then there exists at…