Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons towards itself. It is a relative property, which means that it is determined by comparing the electronegativities of different elements. The electronegativity of an element is determined by factors such as the nuclear charge, the number of electrons in…
Valence is a term used in psychology to describe the emotional content or “positive” or “negative” quality of an individual’s experience, affect or mood. In simpler terms, valence refers to how pleasant or unpleasant an experience or emotion is. Valence is typically measured on a continuum, with positive experiences or emotions (such as joy, happiness,…
Electron gain enthalpy, also known as electron affinity, is a measure of the energy change that occurs when an atom or molecule gains an electron. It is defined as the enthalpy change that occurs when a neutral gaseous atom gains an extra electron to form a negatively charged ion. The electron gain enthalpy is generally…
Ionization enthalpy, also known as ionization energy, is the amount of energy required to remove one electron from an isolated gaseous atom or ion in its ground state. It is a measure of the tendency of an atom or ion to lose an electron. The first ionization enthalpy is the energy required to remove the…
Ionic radius refers to the size of an ion, which is an atom or a group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge, respectively. The ionic radius is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two ions that are just touching…
Here are the electronic configurations of the first 36 elements in the periodic table: What is Required Electronic configuration of elements The electronic configuration of an element refers to the arrangement of its electrons in the atomic orbitals of its atoms. This is usually represented using a notation that lists the occupied atomic orbitals and…
The modern periodic law states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. This means that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties. The present form of the periodic table is based on the modern periodic law…
Surfactants are compounds that reduce the surface tension between two different substances, typically between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. The word “surfactant” is a contraction of “surface active agent.” Surfactants have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail, which allows them to interact with both water and oil.…
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance is dispersed in another substance, but not dissolved. The particles in a colloid are larger than molecules but smaller than the particles in a suspension. The properties of colloids are different from those of solutions or suspensions, and they have unique characteristics that make them useful…
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is an empirical equation used to describe the relationship between the amount of a gas or solute that is adsorbed onto a solid surface at a given temperature and pressure, and the concentration of the gas or solute in the surrounding liquid or gas phase. The equation is expressed as: q…
