Nearest neighbours

Nearest neighbors is a machine learning algorithm that is commonly used for classification and regression tasks. It works by finding the training examples in the training set that are closest to a given input example and using those examples to make a prediction. In the context of clustering, nearest neighbors refers to a method of…

Packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices

The three most common crystal structures are face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) lattices. The packing in each of these structures is as follows: In terms of packing efficiency, FCC and HCP lattices are more efficient than the BCC lattice. This is because in the FCC and HCP lattices, the atoms…

Close packed structure of solids (Cubic and Hexagonal)

Close-packed structures are arrangements of atoms or ions in a solid that result in the highest possible packing density. The two most common close-packed structures are the cubic close-packed (CCP) structure and the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure. In the CCP structure, also known as the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, each atom or ion is surrounded…

Crystalline state

The crystalline state is a state of matter in which the constituent particles, such as atoms, molecules, or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered, repeating three-dimensional pattern called a crystal lattice. In this state, the particles are held together by strong intermolecular forces and exhibit a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties, such…

Enzyme catalysis and Its mechanism

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes are highly specific, meaning that they catalyze only one or a few types of chemical reactions. The mechanism by which enzymes catalyze chemical reactions is through a process called enzyme catalysis. Enzyme catalysis involves several steps: The mechanism by…

Activity and selectivity of solid catalysts

Solid catalysts are materials that accelerate chemical reactions by providing a surface for reactant molecules to adsorb onto and react. The activity of a solid catalyst is a measure of how effectively it can promote a particular chemical reaction, while selectivity refers to its ability to selectively form a desired product and minimize the formation…

Rate constant

The rate constant, also known as the reaction rate constant, is a proportionality constant that relates the rate of a chemical reaction to the concentrations of the reactants. It is typically denoted by the symbol k and has units of inverse time (e.g., s^-1, min^-1, etc.). The value of the rate constant depends on a…

Order and molecularity of reactions

In chemistry, the order of a reaction refers to the exponent to which the concentration of a reactant is raised in the rate equation of a reaction. The molecularity of a reaction refers to the number of molecules, ions or atoms that participate in the reaction’s rate-determining step. For example, consider the reaction: A +…

Batteries : Primary and Secondary

Batteries are devices that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. There are two main types of batteries: primary and secondary. Primary batteries are non-rechargeable batteries that are designed to be used once and then discarded. They are commonly used in low-drain devices such as flashlights, remote controls, and smoke detectors. Primary batteries have a…

Kohlrausch’s law

Kohlrausch’s law, also known as Kohlrausch’s displacement law, states that the molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be expressed as the sum of the contributions of its individual ions. In other words, the total conductivity of an electrolyte solution is equal to the sum of the conductivities of the cations and anions present in the…