Stereochemistry is the study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules and the way that these arrangements affect the chemical and physical properties of those molecules. One of the most important concepts in stereochemistry is chirality, which refers to the property of a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. Molecules that…
Nucleophilic substitution reactions are a type of organic reaction in which a nucleophile (a species with a lone pair of electrons) attacks an electrophilic center and replaces a leaving group. These reactions are typically observed in organic chemistry and are fundamental to many important organic reactions. The general mechanism for a nucleophilic substitution reaction involves…
Grignard reactions are a class of organic reactions that involve the addition of an organomagnesium halide (a Grignard reagent) to a carbonyl group in an organic compound. The reaction was discovered by French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard in 1900, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912 for this work. Grignard…
Rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocations refer to the conversion of one type of carbocation into another via migration of an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom from an adjacent carbon atom. These reactions are common in organic chemistry and are important in the synthesis of various organic compounds. The most common type of rearrangement reaction…
