The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another or transferred from one system to another. In other words, the total energy of a closed system remains constant. This law is a…
The equivalence of heat and work is known as the first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. Heat and work are two forms of energy that can be converted into each other. When a system undergoes a change, the…
The bulk modulus of a gas is a measure of the gas’s resistance to compression. It is defined as the ratio of the change in pressure to the fractional change in volume, under conditions of constant temperature. For an ideal gas, the bulk modulus can be calculated using the ideal gas law, which relates the…
In thermal physics, an isothermal process is a thermodynamic process during which the temperature of a system remains constant. This means that the internal energy of the system remains constant as well. In an isothermal process, any energy transferred to or from the system is in the form of work or heat. The work done…
Monoatomic gases are gases that consist of single atoms as their particles. Examples of monoatomic gases include noble gases such as helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), and xenon (Xe). Diatomic gases, on the other hand, are gases that consist of two atoms as their particles. Examples of diatomic gases include hydrogen (H2),…
Cv and Cp are thermodynamic properties that describe the heat capacity of a substance at constant volume (Cv) and constant pressure (Cp), respectively. Cv is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius at constant volume. It represents the ability of a substance to store…
Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin) without any change in phase. There are two types of specific heat: The specific heat depends on the nature of the substance and its physical state (solid, liquid, or…
The ideal gas law is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that describes the behavior of gases under certain conditions. It is a combination of several gas laws, including Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Avogadro’s law, and can be expressed mathematically as: PV = nRT Where: P = pressure of the gas V = volume of…
Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body and its surroundings. Mathematically, it can be expressed as: dQ/dt = -kA(T – Ts) where: This law is applicable when the temperature difference between the body and its surroundings is not…
Radiation refers to the emission or transmission of energy through space or a material medium in the form of waves or particles. There are different types of radiation, including electromagnetic radiation (such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays) and particle radiation (such as alpha particles, beta particles,…
