The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon of the emission of electrons from a material when it is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, such as visible light or ultraviolet light. This effect was first observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and was explained by Albert Einstein in 1905, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics…
Energy is a property of matter and radiation that can be converted into different forms but cannot be created or destroyed. It is commonly defined as the ability to do work, where work is the product of a force acting on an object and the displacement of that object in the direction of the force.…
Fission and fusion are two types of nuclear processes that involve the splitting and merging of atomic nuclei. Fission is a process in which the nucleus of a heavy atom, such as uranium or plutonium, is split into two smaller nuclei. This process releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat and…
Modern Physics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of phenomena that occur at the atomic and subatomic level. It includes the study of quantum mechanics, relativity, particle physics, and astrophysics. The calculations involved in modern physics are often complex and require a good understanding of mathematical concepts such as calculus, differential…
Binding energy refers to the energy required to break apart or dissociate a system of particles, such as atoms, molecules, or nuclei, into individual particles or components. It is the energy that holds the particles or components of a system together, overcoming the electrostatic repulsion between the like-charged particles. In nuclear physics, binding energy refers…
In the context of radioactivity, half-life and mean life are two important concepts that describe the decay of a radioactive substance over time. Half-life refers to the amount of time it takes for half of the original quantity of a radioactive substance to decay. For example, if you start with 100 grams of a substance…
The decay constant, usually denoted by the symbol λ (lambda), is a fundamental parameter in radioactive decay. It is the rate at which a radioactive substance decays, or the probability of decay per unit time. Mathematically, the decay constant can be defined as the ratio of the number of radioactive nuclei that decay in a…
The law of radioactive decay is a fundamental principle of nuclear physics that describes the process by which unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously emit radiation and transform into more stable nuclei. This process is known as radioactive decay. The law of radioactive decay states that the rate of decay of a radioactive substance is proportional to…
Alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) radiation are three types of ionizing radiation emitted by radioactive elements. Alpha radiation consists of positively charged particles made up of two protons and two neutrons, which is essentially a helium nucleus. It is relatively heavy and has a short range in air, typically traveling only a few…
An atomic nucleus is the central part of an atom that contains most of the atom’s mass. It is composed of protons and neutrons, which are collectively called nucleons. Protons have a positive charge, while neutrons are neutral. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number and determines the element to…
