Acylation reactions are chemical reactions in which an acyl group (-COCH3) is added to a molecule. The acyl group can be derived from an acid chloride (RCOCl), an anhydride (RCOOR), or a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) with an activating agent such as DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) or SOCl2 (thionyl chloride). One common type of acylation reaction is the…
The Carbylamine reaction, also known as the isocyanide test or Hofmann’s isocyanide test, is a chemical test used to detect the presence of primary amines in a given compound. The test was discovered by August Wilhelm von Hofmann in 1861 and is based on the reaction of primary amines with chloroform and a strong base,…
Azo coupling reaction is a type of organic reaction that involves the reaction of a diazonium salt of an aromatic amine with another aromatic compound that contains an electron-rich group, such as an -OH or -NH2 group. The reaction results in the formation of an azo compound, which contains a -N=N- group. The general reaction…
Amines and nitriles are two types of organic compounds. Amines are organic compounds that contain nitrogen atoms bonded to one or more alkyl or aryl groups. They are classified according to the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Amines can be primary (one alkyl or aryl group), secondary (two alkyl…
Benzoic acid can be prepared from alkylbenzenes by the following steps: Overall, the process involves oxidation of the starting material, followed by acidification, extraction and purification to obtain pure benzoic acid. What is Required Preparation of benzoic acid from alkylbenzenes To prepare benzoic acid from alkylbenzenes, you will need the following materials: When is Required…
Carboxylic acids and amides are two types of organic compounds that contain nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon atoms. Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom. They are typically acidic and have a sour taste. Some examples of carboxylic acids include acetic acid, formic acid, and citric acid.…
Amine (pronounced ah-meen) is a given name that is derived from Arabic origins. It is a common name throughout the Arab world and is also used in other cultures. The name means “faithful” or “trustworthy” in Arabic and is often associated with positive qualities such as honesty and reliability. It is a unisex name, meaning…
Aldehydes cannot be directly obtained from esters through simple chemical reactions. However, it is possible to convert esters to aldehydes through a two-step process called hydrolysis and reduction. Hydrolysis of the ester in the presence of an acid or a base will produce a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. This reaction can be catalyzed by…
Phosphorus halides are compounds formed by the combination of phosphorus with halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine). The most common phosphorus halides are phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5), phosphorus tribromide (PBr3), and phosphorus triiodide (PI3). Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It is used in the production of pesticides, herbicides,…
Stereochemistry is the study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules and the way that these arrangements affect the chemical and physical properties of those molecules. One of the most important concepts in stereochemistry is chirality, which refers to the property of a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. Molecules that…
