Oxidation state is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. It is represented by a positive or negative number, called the oxidation number, which reflects the number of electrons an atom has gained, lost or shared in forming a chemical bond with another atom. The oxidation state of…
Here are the electronic configurations of the first 36 elements in the periodic table: What is Required Electronic configuration of elements The electronic configuration of an element refers to the arrangement of its electrons in the atomic orbitals of its atoms. This is usually represented using a notation that lists the occupied atomic orbitals and…
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids, where one liquid is dispersed throughout the other in small droplets. The dispersed liquid is known as the dispersed phase, while the continuous liquid is known as the continuous phase. The most common example of an emulsion is oil and water, where the oil…
Depression of freezing point, also known as freezing point depression, is a phenomenon in which the freezing point of a solvent is lowered when a solute is added to it. This is due to the fact that the solute particles interfere with the formation of crystal lattice structure, which is required for a liquid to…
Henry’s law states that at a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with the liquid. In other words, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas above the liquid.…
Batteries are devices that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. There are two main types of batteries: primary and secondary. Primary batteries are non-rechargeable batteries that are designed to be used once and then discarded. They are commonly used in low-drain devices such as flashlights, remote controls, and smoke detectors. Primary batteries have a…
Equivalent conductivity and molar conductivity are both measures of the ability of an electrolyte solution to conduct electricity. Equivalent conductivity is the conductivity of a solution containing one equivalent of the electrolyte, which is the amount of the electrolyte that carries one mole of positive or negative charge. It is usually denoted by the symbol…
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis are two fundamental laws that describe the quantitative relationship between the amount of electric charge passed through an electrolytic cell and the amount of chemical change that occurs during electrolysis. These laws were developed by the British scientist Michael Faraday in the early 19th century. Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis states…
A galvanic cell, also known as a voltaic cell, is an electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. The cell consists of two electrodes, each with a different reduction potential, that are connected by an electrolyte. The potential difference between the two electrodes is known as the cell potential or electromotive force (EMF)…
Electrochemical cells are devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa. They involve a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction, which occurs at the interface between two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution. In an electrochemical cell, there are two half-cells, each consisting of an electrode and an electrolyte. The half-cell where oxidation occurs is…
