Here are the electronic configurations of the first 36 elements in the periodic table: What is Required Electronic configuration of elements The electronic configuration of an element refers to the arrangement of its electrons in the atomic orbitals of its atoms. This is usually represented using a notation that lists the occupied atomic orbitals and…
The modern periodic law states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. This means that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties. The present form of the periodic table is based on the modern periodic law…
Surfactants are compounds that reduce the surface tension between two different substances, typically between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. The word “surfactant” is a contraction of “surface active agent.” Surfactants have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail, which allows them to interact with both water and oil.…
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids, where one liquid is dispersed throughout the other in small droplets. The dispersed liquid is known as the dispersed phase, while the continuous liquid is known as the continuous phase. The most common example of an emulsion is oil and water, where the oil…
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance is dispersed in another substance, but not dissolved. The particles in a colloid are larger than molecules but smaller than the particles in a suspension. The properties of colloids are different from those of solutions or suspensions, and they have unique characteristics that make them useful…
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is an empirical equation used to describe the relationship between the amount of a gas or solute that is adsorbed onto a solid surface at a given temperature and pressure, and the concentration of the gas or solute in the surrounding liquid or gas phase. The equation is expressed as: q…
Adsorption is a process by which molecules or atoms from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid adhere to the surface of a solid material. The two main types of adsorption are physisorption and chemisorption. Physisorption, also known as physical adsorption or van der Waals adsorption, is a type of adsorption that occurs due to weak…
The Van’t Hoff factor, also known as the Van’t Hoff factor or i-factor, is a measure of the number of particles that a solute dissociates into when it is dissolved in a solvent. The factor is named after Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff. The Van’t Hoff factor is defined as the ratio of…
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane, due to the presence of solute molecules. In other words, it is the pressure needed to stop the flow of solvent from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration, when the two…
Depression of freezing point, also known as freezing point depression, is a phenomenon in which the freezing point of a solvent is lowered when a solute is added to it. This is due to the fact that the solute particles interfere with the formation of crystal lattice structure, which is required for a liquid to…
